mmdebstrap
==========

An alternative to debootstrap which uses apt internally and is thus able to use
more than one mirror and resolve more complex dependencies.

Usage
-----

Use like debootstrap:

    sudo mmdebstrap unstable ./unstable-chroot

Without superuser privileges:

    mmdebstrap unstable unstable-chroot.tar

With complex apt options:

    cat /etc/apt/sources.list | mmdebstrap > unstable-chroot.tar

For the full documentation use:

    pod2man ./mmdebstrap | man -l -

The sales pitch in comparison to debootstrap
--------------------------------------------

Summary:

 - more than one mirror possible
 - security and updates mirror included for Debian stable chroots
 - twice as fast
 - chroot with apt in 11 seconds
 - gzipped tarball with apt is 27M small
 - bit-by-bit reproducible output
 - unprivileged operation using Linux user namespaces, fakechroot or proot
 - can operate on filesystems mounted with nodev
 - foreign architecture chroots with qemu-user
 - variant installing only Essential:yes packages and dependencies
 - temporary chroots by redirecting to /dev/null

The author believes that a chroot of a Debian stable release should include the
latest packages including security fixes by default. This has been a wontfix
with debootstrap since 2009 (See #543819 and #762222). Since mmdebstrap uses
apt internally, support for multiple mirrors comes for free and stable or
oldstable **chroots will include security and updates mirrors**.

A side-effect of using apt is being twice as fast as debootstrap. The
timings were carried out on a laptop with an Intel Core i5-5200U, using a
mirror on localhost and a tmpfs.

| variant   | mmdebstrap | debootstrap  |
| --------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| essential | 9.52 s     | n.a          |
| apt       | 10.98 s    | n.a          |
| minbase   | 13.54 s    | 26.37 s      |
| buildd    | 21.31 s    | 34.85 s      |
| -         | 23.01 s    | 48.83 s      |

Apt considers itself an `Essential: yes` package. This feature allows one to
create a chroot containing just the `Essential: yes` packages and apt (and
their hard dependencies) in **just 11 seconds**.

If desired, a most minimal chroot with just the `Essential: yes` packages and
their hard dependencies can be created with a gzipped tarball size of just 34M.
By using dpkg's `--path-exclude` option to exclude documentation, even smaller
gzipped tarballs of 21M in size are possible. If apt is included, the result is
a **gzipped tarball of only 27M**.

These small sizes are also achieved because apt caches and other cruft is
stripped from the chroot. This also makes the result **bit-by-bit
reproducible** if the `$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH` environment variable is set.

The author believes, that it should not be necessary to have superuser
privileges to create a file (the chroot tarball) in one's home directory.
Thus, mmdebstrap provides multiple options to create a chroot tarball with the
right permissions **without superuser privileges**.  Depending on what is
available, it uses either Linux user namespaces, fakechroot or proot.
Debootstrap supports fakechroot but will not create a tarball with the right
permissions by itself. Support for Linux user namespaces and proot is missing
(see bugs #829134 and #698347, respectively).

When creating a chroot tarball with debootstrap, the temporary chroot directory
cannot be on a filesystem that has been mounted with nodev. In unprivileged
mode, **mknod is never used**, which means that /tmp can be used as a temporary
directory location even if if it's mounted with nodev as a security measure.

If the chroot architecture cannot be executed by the current machine, qemu-user
is used to allow one to create a **foreign architecture chroot**.

Limitations in comparison to debootstrap
----------------------------------------

Debootstrap supports creating a Debian chroot on non-Debian systems but
mmdebstrap requires apt and is thus limited to Debian and derivatives.

There is no `SCRIPT` argument.

The following options, don't exist: `--second-stage`, `--exclude`,
`--resolve-deps`, `--force-check-gpg`, `--merged-usr` and `--no-merged-usr`.


Tests
=====

The script `coverage.sh` runs mmdebstrap in all kind of scenarios to execute
all code paths of the script. It verifies its output in each scenario and
displays the results gathered with Devel::Cover. It also compares the output of
mmdebstrap with debootstrap in several scenarios. To run the testsuite, run:

    ./make_mirror.sh
    CMD=./mmdebstrap ./coverage.sh

To also generate perl Devel::Cover data, omit the `CMD` environment variable.
But that will also take a lot longer.

The `make_mirror.sh` script will be a no-op if nothing changed in Debian
unstable. You don't need to run `make_mirror.sh` before every invocation of
`coverage.sh`. When you make changes to `make_mirror.sh` and want to regenerate
the cache, run:

    touch -d yesterday shared/cache/debian/dists/unstable/Release

The script `coverage.sh` does not need an active internet connection by
default. An online connection is only needed by the `make_mirror.sh` script
which fills a local cache with a few minimal Debian mirror copies.

By default, `coverage.sh` will skip running a single test which tries creating
a Ubuntu Focal chroot. To not skip that test, run `coverage.sh` with the
environment variable `ONLINE=yes`.

Bugs
====

mmdebstrap has bugs. Report them here:
https://gitlab.mister-muffin.de/josch/mmdebstrap/issues

Contributors
============

 - Johannes Schauer Marin Rodrigues (main author)
 - Helmut Grohne
 - Benjamin Drung
 - Steve Dodd
 - Josh Triplett
 - Konstantin Demin
 - Trent W. Buck
 - Vagrant Cascadian