CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@
-1.2.0 (2022-09-05)
-------------------
-
- - remove proot mode
- - error out if stdout is an interactive terminal
- - replace taridshift by tarfilter --idshift
- - tarfilter: add --transform option
- - multiple --skip options can be separated by comma or whitespace
- - also cleanup the contents of /run
- - support apt patterns and paths with commas and whitespace in --include
- - hooks: store the values of the --include option in MMDEBSTRAP_INCLUDE
- - add new --skip options: chroot/start-stop-daemon, chroot/policy-rc.d
-   chroot/mount, chroot/mount/dev, chroot/mount/proc, chroot/mount/sys,
-   cleanup/run
-
 1.1.0 (2022-07-26)
 ----------------
 

README.md

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Summary:
  - chroot with apt in 11 seconds
  - gzipped tarball with apt is 27M small
  - bit-by-bit reproducible output
- - unprivileged operation using Linux user namespaces or fakechroot
+ - unprivileged operation using Linux user namespaces, fakechroot or proot
  - can operate on filesystems mounted with nodev
  - foreign architecture chroots with qemu-user
  - variant installing only Essential:yes packages and dependencies
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ privileges to create a file (the chroot tarball) in one's home directory.
 Thus, mmdebstrap provides multiple options to create a chroot tarball with the
 right permissions **without superuser privileges**. This avoids a whole class
 of bugs like #921815. Depending on what is available, it uses either Linux user
-namespaces or fakechroot. Debootstrap supports fakechroot but will not
+namespaces, fakechroot or proot.  Debootstrap supports fakechroot but will not
 create a tarball with the right permissions by itself. Support for Linux user
-namespaces is missing (see #829134).
+namespaces and proot is missing (see bugs #829134 and #698347, respectively).
 
 When creating a chroot tarball with debootstrap, the temporary chroot directory
 cannot be on a filesystem that has been mounted with nodev. In unprivileged

coverage.sh

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 set -eu
 
-if [ -e ./mmdebstrap ]; then
+if [ -e ./mmdebstrap -a -e ./taridshift -a -e ./tarfilter -a -e ./coverage.py ]; then
 	TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
 	perltidy < ./mmdebstrap > "$TMPFILE"
 	ret=0
@@ -20,10 +20,9 @@ if [ -e ./mmdebstrap ]; then
 	fi
 
 	perlcritic --severity 4 --verbose 8 ./mmdebstrap
-fi
 
-[ -e ./tarfilter ] && black --check ./tarfilter
+	black --check ./taridshift ./tarfilter ./coverage.py
-[ -e ./coverage.py ] && black --check ./coverage.py
+fi
 
 mirrordir="./shared/cache/debian"
 
@@ -114,4 +113,4 @@ END
 	echo
 fi
 
-rm shared/test.sh shared/tar1.txt shared/tar2.txt shared/pkglist.txt shared/doc-debian.tar.list shared/mmdebstrap shared/tarfilter shared/proxysolver
+rm shared/test.sh shared/tar1.txt shared/tar2.txt shared/pkglist.txt shared/doc-debian.tar.list shared/mmdebstrap shared/taridshift shared/tarfilter shared/proxysolver

coverage.txt

@@ -264,11 +264,6 @@ Test: not-having-to-install-apt-in-include-because-a-hook-did-it-before
 
 Test: remove-start-stop-daemon-and-policy-rc-d-in-hook
 
-Test: skip-start-stop-daemon-policy-rc
-
-Test: skip-mount
-Modes: unshare
-
 Test: compare-output-with-pre-seeded-var-cache-apt-archives
 Needs-QEMU: true
 Variants: any

mmdebstrap

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl
 #
-# © 2018 - 2022 Johannes Schauer Marin Rodrigues <josch@mister-muffin.de>
+# © 2018 - 2021 Johannes Schauer Marin Rodrigues <josch@mister-muffin.de>
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 # of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 
-our $VERSION = '1.2.0';
+our $VERSION = '1.1.0';
 
 use English;
 use Getopt::Long;
@@ -1104,12 +1104,8 @@ sub run_chroot {
                     }
                 } elsif ($type == 3 or $type == 4) {
                     # character/block special
-                    if (
+                    if ((any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare'))
-                        any { $_ =~ '^chroot/mount(?:/dev)?$' }
+                        && !$options->{canmount}) {
-                        @{ $options->{skip} }
-                    ) {
-                        info "skipping chroot/mount/dev as requested";
-                    } elsif (!$options->{canmount}) {
                         warning "skipping bind-mounting ./dev/$fname";
                     } elsif (!$options->{havemknod}) {
                         if (!-d "$options->{root}/dev") {
@@ -1164,21 +1160,15 @@ sub run_chroot {
                             "$options->{root}/dev/$fname")
                           or error "mount ./dev/$fname failed: $?";
                     }
-                } elsif ($type == 5) {
+                } elsif ($type == 5
-                    # directory
+                    && (any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare'))
-                    if (
+                    && !$options->{canmount}) {
-                        any { $_ =~ '^chroot/mount(?:/dev)?$' }
-                        @{ $options->{skip} }
-                    ) {
-                        info "skipping chroot/mount/dev as requested";
-                    } elsif (!$options->{canmount}) {
                     warning "skipping bind-mounting ./dev/$fname";
-                    } else {
+                } elsif ($type == 5) {    # directory
                     if (!-d "$options->{root}/dev") {
                         warning(
                                 "skipping creation of ./dev/$fname because the"
-                                  . " /dev directory is missing in the target"
+                              . " /dev directory is missing in the target");
-                            );
                         next;
                     }
                     if (!-e "/dev/$fname" && $fname ne "pts/") {
@@ -1202,8 +1192,7 @@ sub run_chroot {
                         };
                         if (-e "$options->{root}/dev/$fname") {
                             if (!-d "$options->{root}/dev/$fname") {
-                                    error
+                                error "./dev/$fname already exists but is not"
-                                      "./dev/$fname already exists but is not"
                                   . " a directory";
                             }
                         } else {
@@ -1220,8 +1209,8 @@ sub run_chroot {
                                         } @$err
                                     ));
                             } elsif ($num_created == 0) {
-                                    error(  "cannot create $options->{root}"
+                                error
-                                          . "/dev/$fname");
+                                  "cannot create $options->{root}/dev/$fname";
                             }
                         }
                         chmod $mode, "$options->{root}/dev/$fname"
@@ -1262,13 +1251,17 @@ sub run_chroot {
                             "$options->{root}/dev/$fname")
                           or error "mount ./dev/$fname failed: $?";
                     }
-                    }
                 } else {
                     error "unsupported type: $type";
                 }
             }
-        } elsif (any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('fakechroot', 'chrootless')) {
+        } elsif (
-            # we cannot mount in fakechroot mode
+            any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
+            ('proot', 'fakechroot', 'chrootless')
+        ) {
+            # we cannot mount in fakechroot and proot mode
+            # in proot mode we have /dev bind-mounted already through
+            # --bind=/dev
         } else {
             error "unknown mode: $options->{mode}";
         }
@@ -1276,10 +1269,6 @@ sub run_chroot {
         # set because if we mount it before, then base-files will not be able
         # to extract those
         if ((any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare'))
-            && (any { $_ =~ '^chroot/mount(?:/sys)?$' } @{ $options->{skip} }))
-        {
-            info "skipping chroot/mount/sys as requested";
-        } elsif ((any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare'))
             && !$options->{canmount}) {
             warning "skipping mount sysfs";
         } elsif ((any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare'))
@@ -1344,17 +1333,17 @@ sub run_chroot {
             # type, bad option, bad superblock" error
             0 == system('mount', '-o', 'rbind', '/sys', "$options->{root}/sys")
               or error "mount /sys failed: $?";
-        } elsif (any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('fakechroot', 'chrootless')) {
+        } elsif (
-            # we cannot mount in fakechroot mode
+            any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
+            ('proot', 'fakechroot', 'chrootless')
+        ) {
+            # we cannot mount in fakechroot and proot mode
+            # in proot mode we have /proc bind-mounted already through
+            # --bind=/proc
         } else {
             error "unknown mode: $options->{mode}";
         }
-        if (
+        if ((any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare'))
-               (any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare'))
-            && (any { $_ =~ '^chroot/mount(?:/proc)?$' } @{ $options->{skip} })
-        ) {
-            info "skipping chroot/mount/proc as requested";
-        } elsif ((any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare'))
             && !$options->{canmount}) {
             warning "skipping mount proc";
         } elsif ((any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare'))
@@ -1419,8 +1408,13 @@ sub run_chroot {
             };
             0 == system('mount', '-t', 'proc', 'proc', "$options->{root}/proc")
               or error "mount /proc failed: $?";
-        } elsif (any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('fakechroot', 'chrootless')) {
+        } elsif (
-            # we cannot mount in fakechroot mode
+            any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
+            ('proot', 'fakechroot', 'chrootless')
+        ) {
+            # we cannot mount in fakechroot and proot mode
+            # in proot mode we have /sys bind-mounted already through
+            # --bind=/sys
         } else {
             error "unknown mode: $options->{mode}";
         }
@@ -1432,9 +1426,6 @@ sub run_chroot {
         # existing inside the chroot
         #
         # See #911290 for more problems of this interface
-        if (any { $_ eq 'chroot/policy-rc.d' } @{ $options->{skip} }) {
-            info "skipping chroot/policy-rc.d as requested";
-        } else {
         if (-d "$options->{root}/usr/sbin/") {
             open my $fh, '>', "$options->{root}/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d"
               or error "cannot open policy-rc.d: $!";
@@ -1444,16 +1435,11 @@ sub run_chroot {
             chmod 0755, "$options->{root}/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d"
               or error "cannot chmod policy-rc.d: $!";
         }
-        }
 
         # the file might not exist if it was removed in a hook
-        if (any { $_ eq 'chroot/start-stop-daemon' } @{ $options->{skip} }) {
-            info "skipping chroot/start-stop-daemon as requested";
-        } else {
         if (-f "$options->{root}/sbin/start-stop-daemon") {
             if (-e "$options->{root}/sbin/start-stop-daemon.REAL") {
-                    error
+                error "$options->{root}/sbin/start-stop-daemon.REAL already"
-                      "$options->{root}/sbin/start-stop-daemon.REAL already"
                   . " exists";
             }
             move(
@@ -1463,36 +1449,26 @@ sub run_chroot {
             open my $fh, '>', "$options->{root}/sbin/start-stop-daemon"
               or error "cannot open start-stop-daemon: $!";
             print $fh "#!/bin/sh\n";
-                print $fh
+            print $fh "echo \"Warning: Fake start-stop-daemon called, doing"
-                  "echo \"Warning: Fake start-stop-daemon called, doing"
               . " nothing\">&2\n";
             close $fh;
             chmod 0755, "$options->{root}/sbin/start-stop-daemon"
               or error "cannot chmod start-stop-daemon: $!";
         }
-        }
 
         &{$cmd}();
 
         # cleanup
-        if (any { $_ eq 'chroot/start-stop-daemon' } @{ $options->{skip} }) {
-            info "skipping chroot/start-stop-daemon as requested";
-        } else {
         if (-e "$options->{root}/sbin/start-stop-daemon.REAL") {
             move(
                 "$options->{root}/sbin/start-stop-daemon.REAL",
                 "$options->{root}/sbin/start-stop-daemon"
             ) or error "cannot move start-stop-daemon: $!";
         }
-        }
-        if (any { $_ eq 'chroot/policy-rc.d' } @{ $options->{skip} }) {
-            info "skipping chroot/policy-rc.d as requested";
-        } else {
         if (-f "$options->{root}/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d") {
             unlink "$options->{root}/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d"
               or error "cannot unlink policy-rc.d: $!";
         }
-        }
 
     };
 
@@ -1554,20 +1530,6 @@ sub run_hooks {
     # Store the verbosity of mmdebstrap so that hooks can be just as verbose
     # as the mmdebstrap invocation that called them.
     push @env_opts, ("MMDEBSTRAP_VERBOSITY=" . $verbosity_level);
-    # Store the packages given via --include in an environment variable so that
-    # hooks can, for example, make .deb files available inside the chroot.
-    {
-        my @escaped_includes = @{ $options->{include} };
-        foreach my $incl (@escaped_includes) {
-            # We have to encode commas so that values containing commas can
-            # be stored in the list. Since we encode using percent-encoding
-            # (urlencoding) we also have to encode the percent sign.
-            $incl =~ s/%/%25/g;
-            $incl =~ s/,/%2C/g;
-        }
-        push @env_opts,
-          ("MMDEBSTRAP_INCLUDE=" . (join ",", @escaped_includes));
-    }
 
     my $runner = sub {
         foreach my $script (@{ $options->{"${name}_hook"} }) {
@@ -1580,11 +1542,13 @@ sub run_hooks {
                 )\ /x
             ) {
                 info "running special hook: $script";
-                if ((any { $_ eq $options->{variant} } ('extract', 'custom'))
+                if (
-                    and $options->{mode} eq 'fakechroot'
+                    any { $_ eq $options->{variant} } ('extract', 'custom')
-                    and $name ne 'setup') {
+                      and any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
+                    ('fakechroot', 'proot') and $name ne 'setup'
+                ) {
                     info "the copy-in, copy-out, tar-in and tar-out commands"
-                      . " in fakechroot mode might fail in"
+                      . " in fakechroot mode or proot mode might fail in"
                       . " extract and custom variants because there might be"
                       . " no tar inside the chroot";
                 }
@@ -2110,14 +2074,14 @@ sub run_setup() {
         copy($tmpfile, \*STDERR);
     }
 
-    if ($options->{mode} ne 'fakechroot') {
+    if (none { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('fakechroot', 'proot')) {
         # Apt dropping privileges to another user than root is not useful in
-        # fakechroot mode because all users are faked and thus there is no real
+        # fakechroot and proot mode because all users are faked and thus there
-        # privilege difference anyways. We could set APT::Sandbox::User "root"
+        # is no real privilege difference anyways. We could set
-        # in fakechroot mode but we don't because if we would, then
+        # APT::Sandbox::User "root" in fakechroot and proot mode but we don't
-        # /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/ and /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/
+        # because if we would, then /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/ and
-        # would not be owned by the _apt user if mmdebstrap was run in
+        # /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/ would not be owned by the _apt user
-        # fakechroot mode.
+        # if mmdebstrap was run in fakechroot or proot mode.
         #
         # when apt-get update is run by the root user, then apt will attempt to
         # drop privileges to the _apt user. This will fail if the _apt user
@@ -2529,15 +2493,29 @@ sub run_prepare {
     # make sure that APT_CONFIG and TMPDIR are not set when executing
     # anything inside the chroot
     my @chrootcmd = ('env', '--unset=APT_CONFIG', '--unset=TMPDIR');
-    if (any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare', 'fakechroot')) {
+    if ($options->{mode} eq 'proot') {
+        push @chrootcmd,
+          (
+            'proot',       '--root-id',
+            '--bind=/dev', '--bind=/proc',
+            '--bind=/sys', "--rootfs=$options->{root}",
+            '--cwd=/'
+          );
+    } elsif (
+        any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
+        ('root', 'unshare', 'fakechroot')
+    ) {
         push @chrootcmd, ('chroot', $options->{root});
     } else {
         error "unknown mode: $options->{mode}";
     }
 
-    # copy qemu-user-static binary into chroot
+    # copy qemu-user-static binary into chroot or setup proot with
+    # --qemu
     if (defined $options->{qemu}) {
-        if ($options->{mode} eq 'fakechroot') {
+        if ($options->{mode} eq 'proot') {
+            push @chrootcmd, "--qemu=qemu-$options->{qemu}";
+        } elsif ($options->{mode} eq 'fakechroot') {
             # Make sure that the fakeroot and fakechroot shared
             # libraries exist for the right architecture
             open my $fh, '-|', 'dpkg-architecture', '-a',
@@ -2623,21 +2601,29 @@ sub run_prepare {
     }
 
     # some versions of coreutils use the renameat2 system call in mv.
-    # This breaks certain versions of fakechroot. Here we do
+    # This breaks certain versions of fakechroot and proot. Here we do
     # a sanity check and warn the user in case things might break.
-    if ($options->{mode} eq 'fakechroot'
+    if (any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('fakechroot', 'proot')
           and -e "$options->{root}/bin/mv") {
         mkdir "$options->{root}/000-move-me"
           or error "cannot create directory: $!";
         my $ret = system @chrootcmd, '/bin/mv', '/000-move-me',
           '/001-delete-me';
         if ($ret != 0) {
+            if ($options->{mode} eq 'proot') {
+                info "the /bin/mv binary inside the chroot doesn't"
+                  . " work under proot";
+                info "this is likely due to missing support for"
+                  . " renameat2 in proot";
+                info "see https://github.com/proot-me/PRoot/issues/147";
+            } else {
                 info "the /bin/mv binary inside the chroot doesn't"
                   . " work under fakechroot";
                 info "with certain versions of coreutils and glibc,"
                   . " this is due to missing support for renameat2 in"
                   . " fakechroot";
                 info "see https://github.com/dex4er/fakechroot/issues/60";
+            }
             info "expect package post installation scripts not to work";
             rmdir "$options->{root}/000-move-me"
               or error "cannot rmdir: $!";
@@ -2707,8 +2693,10 @@ sub run_essential() {
                     '--force-depends'
                 ],
                 PKGS => [map { "$options->{root}/$_" } @{$essential_pkgs}] });
-    } elsif (any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare', 'fakechroot'))
+    } elsif (
-    {
+        any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
+        ('root', 'unshare', 'fakechroot', 'proot')
+    ) {
         # install the extracted packages properly
         # we need --force-depends because dpkg does not take Pre-Depends
         # into account and thus doesn't install them in the right order
@@ -2828,8 +2816,10 @@ sub run_install() {
                 PKGS => [@pkgs_to_install],
             });
         }
-    } elsif (any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('root', 'unshare', 'fakechroot'))
+    } elsif (
-    {
+        any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
+        ('root', 'unshare', 'fakechroot', 'proot')
+    ) {
         if ($options->{variant} ne 'custom'
             and scalar @pkgs_to_install > 0) {
             # Advantage of running apt on the outside instead of inside the
@@ -3011,31 +3001,10 @@ sub run_cleanup() {
         }
     }
 
-    if (any { $_ eq 'cleanup/run' } @{ $options->{skip} }) {
-        info "skipping cleanup/run as requested";
-    } else {
-        # remove any possible leftovers in /run
-        if (-d "$options->{root}/run") {
-            opendir(my $dh, "$options->{root}/run")
-              or error "Can't opendir($options->{root}/run): $!";
-            while (my $entry = readdir $dh) {
-                # skip the "." and ".." entries
-                next if $entry eq ".";
-                next if $entry eq "..";
-                debug "deleting files in /run: $entry";
-                0 == system(
-                    'rm',                '--interactive=never',
-                    '--recursive',       '--preserve-root',
-                    '--one-file-system', "$options->{root}/run/$entry"
-                ) or error "rm failed: $?";
-            }
-            closedir($dh);
-        }
-    }
     if (any { $_ eq 'cleanup/tmp' } @{ $options->{skip} }) {
         info "skipping cleanup/tmp as requested";
     } else {
-        # remove any possible leftovers in /tmp
+        # remove any possible leftovers in /tmp but warn about it
         if (-d "$options->{root}/tmp") {
             opendir(my $dh, "$options->{root}/tmp")
               or error "Can't opendir($options->{root}/tmp): $!";
@@ -3043,7 +3012,7 @@ sub run_cleanup() {
                 # skip the "." and ".." entries
                 next if $entry eq ".";
                 next if $entry eq "..";
-                debug "deleting files in /tmp: $entry";
+                warning "deleting files in /tmp: $entry";
                 0 == system(
                     'rm',                '--interactive=never',
                     '--recursive',       '--preserve-root',
@@ -3136,12 +3105,26 @@ sub hookhelper {
               . 'delete=atime,delete=ctime'
         );
         if ($hook eq 'setup') {
+            if ($mode eq 'proot') {
+                # since we cannot run tar inside the chroot under proot during
+                # the setup hook because the chroot is empty, we have to run
+                # tar from the outside, which leads to all files being owned
+                # by the user running mmdebstrap. To let the ownership
+                # information not be completely off, we force all files be
+                # owned by the root user.
+                push @tarcmd, '--owner=0', '--group=0';
+            }
         } elsif (any { $_ eq $hook } ('extract', 'essential', 'customize')) {
             if ($mode eq 'fakechroot') {
                 # Fakechroot requires tar to run inside the chroot or
                 # otherwise absolute symlinks will include the path to the
                 # root directory
                 push @cmdprefix, 'chroot', $root;
+            } elsif ($mode eq 'proot') {
+                # proot requires tar to run inside proot or otherwise
+                # permissions will be completely off
+                push @cmdprefix, 'proot', '--root-id', "--rootfs=$root",
+                  '--cwd=/', "--qemu=$qemu";
             } elsif (any { $_ eq $mode } ('root', 'chrootless', 'unshare')) {
                 # not chrooting in this case
             } else {
@@ -3172,7 +3155,7 @@ sub hookhelper {
                     any { $_ eq $hook }
                     ('extract', 'essential', 'customize')
                 ) {
-                    if ($mode eq 'fakechroot') {
+                    if (any { $_ eq $mode } ('fakechroot', 'proot')) {
                         # tar will run inside the chroot
                         $directory = $outpath;
                     } elsif (
@@ -3187,10 +3170,10 @@ sub hookhelper {
                     error "unknown hook: $hook";
                 }
 
-                # if chrooted_realpath was used and if fakechroot
+                # if chrooted_realpath was used and if neither fakechroot or
-                # was used (absolute symlinks will be broken) we can
+                # proot were used (absolute symlinks will be broken) we can
                 # check and potentially fail early if the target does not exist
-                if ($mode ne 'fakechroot') {
+                if (none { $_ eq $mode } ('fakechroot', 'proot')) {
                     my $dirtocheck = $directory;
                     if ($command eq 'upload') {
                         # check the parent directory instead
@@ -3319,7 +3302,7 @@ sub hookhelper {
                     any { $_ eq $hook }
                     ('extract', 'essential', 'customize')
                 ) {
-                    if ($mode eq 'fakechroot') {
+                    if (any { $_ eq $mode } ('fakechroot', 'proot')) {
                         # tar will run inside the chroot
                         $directory = $ARGV[$i];
                     } elsif (
@@ -3334,10 +3317,10 @@ sub hookhelper {
                     error "unknown hook: $hook";
                 }
 
-                # if chrooted_realpath was used and if fakechroot
+                # if chrooted_realpath was used and if neither fakechroot or
-                # was used (absolute symlinks will be broken) we can
+                # proot were used (absolute symlinks will be broken) we can
                 # check and potentially fail early if the source does not exist
-                if ($mode ne 'fakechroot') {
+                if (none { $_ eq $mode } ('fakechroot', 'proot')) {
                     if (!-e $directory) {
                         error "path does not exist: $directory";
                     }
@@ -4264,26 +4247,6 @@ sub main() {
         'variant=s'     => \$options->{variant},
         'include=s'     => sub {
             my ($opt_name, $opt_value) = @_;
-            my $sanitize_path = sub {
-                my $pkg = shift;
-                $pkg = abs_path($pkg);
-                if (!defined $pkg) {
-                    error "cannot resolve absolute path of $pkg: $!";
-                }
-                if (!-f $pkg) {
-                    error "$pkg is not an existing file";
-                }
-                return $pkg;
-            };
-            if ($opt_value =~ /^[?~!(]/) {
-                # Treat option as a single apt pattern and don't split by comma
-                # or whitespace -- append it verbatim.
-                push @{ $options->{include} }, $opt_value;
-            } elsif ($opt_value =~ /^\.?\.?\//) {
-                # Treat option as a single path name and don't split by comma
-                # or whitespace -- append the normalized path.
-                push @{ $options->{include} }, sanitize_path($opt_value);
-            } else {
             for my $pkg (split /[,\s]+/, $opt_value) {
                 # strip leading and trailing whitespace
                 $pkg =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;
@@ -4291,17 +4254,8 @@ sub main() {
                 if ($pkg eq '') {
                     next;
                 }
-                    # Make paths canonical absolute paths, resolve symlinks
-                    # and check if it's an existing file.
-                    if ($pkg =~ /^\.?\.?\//) {
-                        $pkg = sanitize_path($pkg);
-                    }
                 push @{ $options->{include} }, $pkg;
             }
-            }
-            # We are not sorting or otherwise normalizing the order of
-            # arguments to apt because package order matters for "apt install"
-            # since https://salsa.debian.org/apt-team/apt/-/merge_requests/256
         },
         'architectures=s@' => \$options->{architectures},
         'mode=s'           => \$options->{mode},
@@ -4401,18 +4355,8 @@ sub main() {
         #                  here prepare for long suffering in dependency hell.
         'simulate' => \$options->{dryrun},
         'dry-run'  => \$options->{dryrun},
-        'skip=s'   => sub {
+        'skip=s@'  => \$options->{skip},
-            my ($opt_name, $opt_value) = @_;
+    ) or pod2usage(-exitval => 2, -verbose => 1);
-            for my $skip (split /[,\s]+/, $opt_value) {
-                # strip leading and trailing whitespace
-                $skip =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;
-                # skip if the remainder is an empty string
-                if ($skip eq '') {
-                    next;
-                }
-                push @{ $options->{skip} }, $skip;
-            }
-        }) or pod2usage(-exitval => 2, -verbose => 1);
 
     if (defined($logfile)) {
         open(STDERR, '>', $logfile) or error "cannot open $logfile: $!";
@@ -4456,7 +4400,8 @@ sub main() {
     if ($options->{mode} eq 'sudo') {
         $options->{mode} = 'root';
     }
-    my @valid_modes = ('auto', 'root', 'unshare', 'fakechroot', 'chrootless');
+    my @valid_modes
+      = ('auto', 'root', 'unshare', 'fakechroot', 'proot', 'chrootless');
     if (none { $_ eq $options->{mode} } @valid_modes) {
         error "invalid mode. Choose from " . (join ', ', @valid_modes);
     }
@@ -4580,6 +4525,9 @@ sub main() {
                 @prefix = ($EXECUTABLE_NAME, '-MDevel::Cover=-silent,-nogcov');
             }
             exec 'fakechroot', 'fakeroot', @prefix, $PROGRAM_NAME, @ARGVORIG;
+        } elsif (can_execute 'proot') {
+            # and lastly, proot
+            $options->{mode} = 'proot';
         } else {
             error "unable to pick chroot mode automatically";
         }
@@ -4588,6 +4536,10 @@ sub main() {
         if ($EFFECTIVE_USER_ID != 0) {
             error "need to be root";
         }
+    } elsif ($options->{mode} eq 'proot') {
+        if (!can_execute 'proot') {
+            error "need working proot binary";
+        }
     } elsif ($options->{mode} eq 'fakechroot') {
         if (&{$check_fakechroot_running}()) {
             # fakechroot is already running
@@ -4664,7 +4616,7 @@ sub main() {
         0 == syscall &SYS_capget, $hdrp, $datap
           or error "capget failed: $!";
         my ($effective, undef) = unpack "LLLLLL", $datap;
-        if ((($effective >> $CAP_SYS_ADMIN) & 1) != 1) {
+        if (($effective >> $CAP_SYS_ADMIN) & 1 != 1) {
             warning
               "cannot mount because CAP_SYS_ADMIN is not in the effective set";
             $options->{canmount} = 0;
@@ -5319,9 +5271,9 @@ sub main() {
     if (any { $_ eq $format } ('tar', 'squashfs', 'ext2', 'null')) {
         if ($format ne 'null') {
             if (      any { $_ eq $options->{variant} } ('extract', 'custom')
-                  and $options->{mode} eq 'fakechroot') {
+                  and any { $_ eq $options->{mode} } ('fakechroot', 'proot')) {
                 info "creating a tarball or squashfs image or ext2 image in"
-                  . " fakechroot mode might fail in extract and"
+                  . " fakechroot mode or proot mode might fail in extract and"
                   . " custom variants because there might be no tar inside the"
                   . " chroot";
             }
@@ -5459,7 +5411,7 @@ sub main() {
         $? == 0 or error "havemknod failed";
     } elsif (
         any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
-        ('root', 'fakechroot', 'chrootless')
+        ('root', 'fakechroot', 'proot', 'chrootless')
     ) {
         $options->{havemknod} = havemknod($options->{root});
     } else {
@@ -5620,7 +5572,7 @@ sub main() {
         );
     } elsif (
         any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
-        ('root', 'fakechroot', 'chrootless')
+        ('root', 'fakechroot', 'proot', 'chrootless')
     ) {
         $pid = fork() // error "fork() failed: $!";
         if ($pid == 0) {
@@ -5683,6 +5635,18 @@ sub main() {
                     0 == system('chroot', $options->{root}, 'tar',
                         @taropts, '-C', '/', '.')
                       or error "tar failed: $?";
+                } elsif ($options->{mode} eq 'proot') {
+                    # proot requires tar to run inside proot or otherwise
+                    # permissions will be completely off
+                    my @qemuopt = ();
+                    if (defined $options->{qemu}) {
+                        push @qemuopt, "--qemu=qemu-$options->{qemu}";
+                        push @taropts, "--exclude=./host-rootfs";
+                    }
+                    0 == system('proot', '--root-id',
+                        "--rootfs=$options->{root}", '--cwd=/', @qemuopt,
+                        'tar', @taropts, '-C', '/', '.')
+                      or error "tar failed: $?";
                 } elsif (
                     any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
                     ('root', 'chrootless')
@@ -5920,11 +5884,15 @@ sub main() {
             }
         } elsif (
             any { $_ eq $options->{mode} }
-            ('root', 'fakechroot', 'chrootless')
+            ('root', 'fakechroot', 'proot', 'chrootless')
         ) {
             # without unshare, we use the system's rm to recursively remove the
             # temporary directory just to make sure that we do not accidentally
             # remove more than we should by using --one-file-system.
+            #
+            # --interactive=never is needed when in proot mode, the
+            # write-protected file /apt/apt.conf.d/01autoremove-kernels is to
+            # be removed.
             0 == system('rm', '--interactive=never', '--recursive',
                 '--preserve-root', '--one-file-system', $options->{root})
               or error "rm failed: $?";
@@ -6045,7 +6013,7 @@ B<debootstrap>. See the section B<VARIANTS> for more information.
 
 Choose how to perform the chroot operation and create a filesystem with
 ownership information different from the current user. Valid mode I<name>s are
-B<auto>, B<sudo>, B<root>, B<unshare>, B<fakeroot>, B<fakechroot> and
+B<auto>, B<sudo>, B<root>, B<unshare>, B<fakeroot>, B<fakechroot>, B<proot> and
 B<chrootless>.  The default mode is B<auto>. See the section B<MODES> for more
 information.
 
@@ -6150,35 +6118,16 @@ by this option will be the only ones that get either extracted or installed by
 dpkg, respectively.  For all other variants, apt is used to install the
 additional packages. Package names are directly passed to apt and thus, you
 can use apt features like C<pkg/suite>, C<pkg=version>, C<pkg->, use a glob or
-regex for C<pkg>, use apt patterns or pass a path to a .deb package file. See
+regex for C<pkg> or use apt patterns. See apt(8) for the supported
-apt(8) for the supported syntax.
+syntax. The option can be specified multiple times and the packages are
-
+concatenated in the order in which they are given on the command line. If
-The option can be specified multiple times and the packages are concatenated in
+later list items are repeated, then they get dropped so that the resulting
-the order in which they are given on the command line. If later list items are
+package list is free of duplicates. So the following are equivalent:
-repeated, then they get dropped so that the resulting package list is free of
-duplicates. So the following are equivalent:
 
     --include="pkg1/stable pkg2=1.0 pkg3-"
-    --include=pkg1/stable,pkg2=1.0,pkg3-,,,
+    --include=pkg1/stable,pkg2=1.0,pkg3-
     --incl=pkg1/stable --incl="pkg2=1.0 pkg3-" --incl=pkg2=1.0,pkg3-
 
-Since the list of packages is separated by comma or whitespace, it is not
-possible to mix apt patterns or .deb package file paths containing either
-commas or whitespace with normal package names. If you do, your patterns and
-paths will be split by comma and whitespace as well and become useless. To pass
-such a pattern or package file path, put them into their own B<--include>
-option. If the argument to B<--include> starts with an apt pattern or with a
-file path, then it will not be split:
-
-    --include="?or(?priority(required), ?priority(important))"
-    --include="./path/to/deb with spaces/and,commas/foo.deb"
-
-Specifically, all arguments to B<--include> that start with a C<?>, C<!>, C<~>,
-C<(>, C</>, C<./> or C<../> are not split and treated as single arguments to
-apt. To add more packages, use multiple B<--include> options. To disable this
-detection of patterns and paths, start the argument to B<--include> with a
-comma or whitespace.
-
 =item B<--components>=I<comp1>[,I<comp2>,...]
 
 Comma or whitespace separated list of components like main, contrib and
@@ -6329,8 +6278,7 @@ B<mmdebstrap> tries hard to implement sensible defaults and will try to stop
 you before shooting yourself in the foot. This option is for when you are sure
 you know what you are doing and allows one to skip certain actions and safety
 checks. See section B<OPERATION> for a list of possible arguments and their
-context. The option can be specified multiple times or you can separate
+context.
-multiple values by comma or whitespace.
 
 =item B<-q,--quiet>, B<-s,--silent>
 
@@ -6370,7 +6318,8 @@ This mode automatically selects a fitting mode. If the effective user id is the
 one of the superuser, then the B<sudo> mode is chosen. Otherwise, the
 B<unshare> mode is picked if the system has the sysctl
 C<kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone> set to C<1>. Should that not be the case
-and if the fakechroot binary exists, the B<fakechroot> mode is chosen.
+and if the fakechroot binary exists, the B<fakechroot> mode is chosen. Lastly,
+the B<proot> mode is used if the proot binary exists.
 
 =item B<sudo>, B<root>
 
@@ -6422,6 +6371,15 @@ package B<initramfs-tools> until version 0.132. This mode will also not work
 with a different libc inside the chroot than on the outside. See the section
 B<LIMITATIONS> in B<fakechroot(1)>.
 
+=item B<proot>
+
+This mode will carry out all calls to chroot with proot instead. Since
+ownership information is only retained while proot is still running, this will
+lead to wrong ownership information in the final directory (everything will be
+owned by the user that executed B<mmdebstrap>) and tarball (everything will be
+owned by the root user). Extended attributes are not retained. This mode is
+useful if you plan to use the chroot with proot.
+
 =item B<chrootless>
 
 Uses the dpkg option C<--force-script-chrootless> to install packages into
@@ -6429,8 +6387,8 @@ I<TARGET> without dpkg and apt inside I<TARGET> but using apt and dpkg from the
 machine running B<mmdebstrap>. Maintainer scripts are run without chrooting
 into I<TARGET> and rely on their dependencies being installed on the machine
 running B<mmdebstrap>. Only very few packages support this mode. Namely, as of
-2022, not all essential packages support it.  See
+2021, not all essential packages support it, mainly due to missing support in
-https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg/Spec/InstallBootstrap or the
+debconf. See https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg/Spec/InstallBootstrap or the
 dpkg-root-support usertag of debian-dpkg@lists.debian.org in the Debian bug
 tracking system. B<WARNING>: if this option is used carelessly with packages
 that do not support C<DPKG_ROOT>, this mode can result in undesired changes to
@@ -6614,20 +6572,19 @@ B<TMPDIR>. Furthermore, C<MMDEBSTRAP_MODE> will store the mode set by
 B<--mode>, C<MMDEBSTRAP_HOOK> stores which hook is currently run (setup,
 extract, essential, customize) and C<MMDEBSTRAP_VERBOSITY> stores the numerical
 verbosity level (0 for no output, 1 for normal, 2 for verbose and 3 for debug
-output). The C<MMDEBSTRAP_INCLUDE> variable stores the list of packages, apt
+output).
-patterns or file paths given by the B<--include> option, separated by a comma
-and with commas and percent signs in the option values urlencoded.
 
 In special hooks, the paths inside the chroot are relative to the root
 directory of the chroot.  The path on the outside is relative to current
 directory of the original B<mmdebstrap> invocation. The path inside the chroot
 must already exist. Paths outside the chroot are created as necessary.
 
-In B<fakechroot> mode, C<tar>, or C<sh> and C<cat> have to be run inside the
+In B<fakechroot> and B<proot> mode, C<tar>, or C<sh> and C<cat> have to be run
-chroot or otherwise, symlinks will be wrongly resolved and/or permissions will
+inside the chroot or otherwise, symlinks will be wrongly resolved and/or
-be off. This means that the special hooks might fail in B<fakechroot> mode for
+permissions will be off. This means that the special hooks might fail in
-the B<setup> hook or for the B<extract> and B<custom> variants if no C<tar> or
+B<fakechroot> and B<proot> mode for the B<setup> hook or for the B<extract> and
-C<sh> and C<cat> is available inside the chroot.
+B<custom> variants if no C<tar> or C<sh> and C<cat> is available inside the
+chroot.
 
 =over 8
 
@@ -6797,18 +6754,6 @@ out in B<extract> mode.
 Run B<--customize-hook> options and all F<customize*> scripts in B<--hook-dir>.
 This step is not carried out in B<extract> mode.
 
-Whenever B<mmdebstrap> does a chroot call in B<root> or B<unshare> modes, it
-will mount relevant device nodes, F</proc> and F</sys> into the chroot and
-unmount them afterwards. This can be disabled using B<--skip=chroot/mount> or
-specifically by B<--skip=chroot/mount/dev>, B<--skip=chroot/mount/proc> and
-B<--skip=chroot/mount/sys>, respectively.
-
-For each command that is run inside the chroot, B<mmdebstrap> will disable
-running services by temporarily moving F</usr/sbin/policy-rc.d> and
-F</sbin/start-stop-daemon> if they exist. This can be disabled with
-B<--skip=chroot/policy-rc.d> and B<--skip=chroot/start-stop-daemon>,
-respectively.
-
 =item B<cleanup>
 
 Performs cleanup tasks, unless B<--skip=cleanup> is used:
@@ -6839,8 +6784,6 @@ Performs cleanup tasks, unless B<--skip=cleanup> is used:
 
 =back
 
-=item * Remove everything in F</run> inside the chroot. This can be disabled using B<--skip=cleanup/run>.
-
 =item * Remove everything in F</tmp> inside the chroot. This can be disabled using B<--skip=cleanup/tmp>.
 
 =back
@@ -7131,7 +7074,7 @@ This section lists some differences to debootstrap.
 
 =item * Default mirrors for stable releases include updates and security mirror
 
-=item * Multiple ways to operate as non-root: fakechroot and unshare
+=item * Multiple ways to operate as non-root: fakechroot, proot, unshare
 
 =item * twice as fast
 

tests/as-debootstrap-unshare-wrapper

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ tar --xattrs --xattrs-include='*' -C /tmp/debian-debootstrap -xf "cache/debian-u
 # delete the directory
 tar -C /tmp/debian-debootstrap -cf dev1.tar ./dev
 tar -C /tmp/debian-mm -cf dev2.tar ./dev
-cmp dev1.tar dev2.tar >&2
+cmp dev1.tar dev2.tar
 rm dev1.tar dev2.tar
 rm -r /tmp/debian-debootstrap/dev /tmp/debian-mm/dev
 
@@ -34,9 +34,6 @@ rm /tmp/debian-debootstrap/var/log/dpkg.log \
 	/tmp/debian-debootstrap/var/log/alternatives.log \
 	/tmp/debian-mm/var/log/bootstrap.log
 
-# clear out /run
-rm -r /tmp/debian-debootstrap/run/*
-
 # debootstrap doesn't clean apt
 rm /tmp/debian-debootstrap/var/lib/apt/lists/127.0.0.1_debian_dists_unstable_main_binary-{{ HOSTARCH }}_Packages \
 	/tmp/debian-debootstrap/var/lib/apt/lists/127.0.0.1_debian_dists_unstable_Release \
@@ -47,7 +44,7 @@ rm /tmp/debian-mm/var/cache/apt/archives/lock
 rm /tmp/debian-mm/var/lib/apt/lists/lock
 
 # check if the file content differs
-diff --no-dereference --recursive /tmp/debian-debootstrap /tmp/debian-mm >&2
+diff --no-dereference --recursive /tmp/debian-debootstrap /tmp/debian-mm
 
 # check permissions, ownership, symlink targets, modification times using tar
 # mtimes of directories created by mmdebstrap will differ, thus we equalize them first
@@ -67,7 +64,7 @@ tar --full-time --verbose -tf /tmp/root2.tar > /tmp/root2.tar.list
 # will slightly differ from each other in the sub-second precision (last
 # decimals) so the tarballs will not be identical, so we use diff to compare
 # content and tar to compare attributes
-diff -u /tmp/root1.tar.list /tmp/root2.tar.list >&2
+diff -u /tmp/root1.tar.list /tmp/root2.tar.list
 rm /tmp/root1.tar /tmp/root2.tar /tmp/root1.tar.list /tmp/root2.tar.list
 
 rm /tmp/debian-mm.tar

tests/check-against-debootstrap-dist

@@ -95,8 +95,13 @@ fi
 if [ -e /tmp/debian-{{ DIST }}-mm/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01autoremove-kernels ]; then
 	rm /tmp/debian-{{ DIST }}-mm/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01autoremove-kernels
 fi
-# clear out /run
+# who creates /run/mount?
-rm -r /tmp/debian-{{ DIST }}-debootstrap/run/*
+if [ -e "/tmp/debian-{{ DIST }}-debootstrap/run/mount/utab" ]; then
+	rm "/tmp/debian-{{ DIST }}-debootstrap/run/mount/utab"
+fi
+if [ -e "/tmp/debian-{{ DIST }}-debootstrap/run/mount" ]; then
+	rmdir "/tmp/debian-{{ DIST }}-debootstrap/run/mount"
+fi
 # debootstrap doesn't clean apt
 rm /tmp/debian-{{ DIST }}-debootstrap/var/lib/apt/lists/127.0.0.1_debian_dists_{{ DIST }}_main_binary-{{ HOSTARCH }}_Packages \
 	/tmp/debian-{{ DIST }}-debootstrap/var/lib/apt/lists/127.0.0.1_debian_dists_{{ DIST }}_Release \

tests/create-arm64-tarball

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ prefix=
 $prefix {{ CMD }} --mode={{ MODE }} --variant=apt --architectures=arm64 {{ DIST }} /tmp/debian-chroot.tar {{ MIRROR }}
 # we ignore differences between architectures by ignoring some files
 # and renaming others
+# in proot mode, some extra files are put there by proot
 { tar -tf /tmp/debian-chroot.tar \
 	| grep -v '^\./lib/ld-linux-aarch64\.so\.1$' \
 	| grep -v '^\./lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/ld-linux-aarch64\.so\.1$' \
@@ -39,5 +40,6 @@ $prefix {{ CMD }} --mode={{ MODE }} --variant=apt --architectures=arm64 {{ DIST
 	| grep -v '^\./usr/share/doc/[^/]\+/changelog\(\.Debian\)\?\.amd64\.gz$' \
 	| grep -v '^\./usr/share/man/man8/i386\.8\.gz$' \
 	| grep -v '^\./usr/share/man/man8/x86_64\.8\.gz$';
+	[ "{{ MODE }}" = "proot" ] && printf "./etc/ld.so.preload\n";
 } | sort | diff -u - tar2.txt
 rm /tmp/debian-chroot.tar

tests/skip-mount

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-set -eu
-export LC_ALL=C.UTF-8
-[ "{{ MODE }}" = "unshare" ]
-trap "rm -f /tmp/debian-chroot.tar" EXIT INT TERM
-{{ CMD }} --mode=unshare --variant=apt \
-	--skip=chroot/mount/proc,chroot/mount/sys \
-	--customize-hook='mountpoint "$1"/dev/null' \
-	--customize-hook='if mountpoint "$1"/sys; then exit 1; fi' \
-	--customize-hook='if mountpoint "$1"/proc; then exit 1; fi' \
-	{{ DIST }} /tmp/debian-chroot.tar {{ MIRROR }}
-tar -tf /tmp/debian-chroot.tar | sort | diff -u tar1.txt -

tests/skip-start-stop-daemon-policy-rc

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-set -eu
-export LC_ALL=C.UTF-8
-trap "rm -f /tmp/debian-chroot.tar" EXIT INT TERM
-{{ CMD }} --mode={{ MODE }} --variant=apt \
-	--skip=chroot/start-stop-daemon,chroot/policy-rc.d \
-	--customize-hook='test ! -e "$1/sbin/start-stop-daemon.REAL"' \
-	--customize-hook='test ! -e "$1/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d"' \
-	{{ DIST }} /tmp/debian-chroot.tar {{ MIRROR }}
-tar -tf /tmp/debian-chroot.tar | sort | diff -u tar1.txt -

tests/special-hooks-with-mode-mode

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ prefix=
 [ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ] && [ "{{ MODE }}" != "root" ] && prefix="runuser -u user --"
 [ "{{ MODE }}" = "fakechroot" ] && prefix="$prefix fakechroot fakeroot"
 symlinktarget=/real
-[ "{{ MODE }}" = "fakechroot" ] && symlinktarget='$1/real'
+case {{ MODE }} in fakechroot|proot) symlinktarget='$1/real';; esac
 echo copy-in-setup > /tmp/copy-in-setup
 echo copy-in-essential > /tmp/copy-in-essential
 echo copy-in-customize > /tmp/copy-in-customize