mmdebstrap

An alternative to debootstrap which uses apt internally and is thus able to use more than one mirror and resolve more complex dependencies.

Usage

Use like debootstrap:

sudo mmdebstrap unstable ./unstable-chroot

Without superuser privileges:

mmdebstrap unstable unstable-chroot.tar

With complex apt options:

cat /etc/apt/sources.list | mmdebstrap > unstable-chroot.tar

The sales pitch in comparison to debootstrap

Summary:

• more than one mirror possible
• security and updates mirror included for Debian stable chroots
• 3-6 times faster
• chroot with apt in 11 seconds
• gzipped tarball with apt is 27M small
• bit-by-bit reproducible output
• unprivileged operation using Linux user namespaces, fakechroot or proot
• can operate on filesystems mounted with nodev
• foreign architecture chroots with qemu-user
• variant installing only Essential:yes packages and dependencies

The author believes that a chroot of a Debian stable release should include the latest packages including security fixes by default. This has been a wontfix with debootstrap since 2009 (See #543819 and #762222). Since mmdebstrap uses apt internally, support for multiple mirrors comes for free and stable or oldstable chroots will include security and updates mirrors.

A side-effect of using apt is being 3-6 times faster than debootstrap. The timings were carried out on a laptop with an Intel Core i5-5200U.

variant	mmdebstrap	debootstrap
minbase	14.18 s	51.47 s
buildd	20.55 s	59.38 s
-	18.98 s	127.18 s

Apt considers itself an Essential: yes package. This feature allows one to create a chroot containing just the Essential: yes packages and apt (and their hard dependencies) in just 11 seconds.

If desired, a most minimal chroot with just the Essential: yes packages and their hard dependencies can be created with a gzipped tarball size of just 34M. By using dpkg's --path-exclude option to exclude documentation, even smaller gzipped tarballs of 21M in size are possible. If apt is included, the result is a gzipped tarball of only 27M.

These small sizes are also achieved because apt caches and other cruft is stripped from the chroot. This also makes the result bit-by-bit reproducible if the $SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH environment variable is set.

The author believes, that it should not be necessary to have superuser privileges to create a file (the chroot tarball) in one's home directory. Thus, mmdebstrap provides multiple options to create a chroot tarball with the right permissions without superuser privileges. Depending on what is available, it uses either Linux user namespaces, fakechroot or proot. Debootstrap supports fakechroot but will not create a tarball with the right permissions by itself. Support for Linux user namespaces and proot is missing (see bugs #829134 and #698347, respectively).

When creating a chroot tarball with debootstrap, the temporary chroot directory cannot be on a filesystem that has been mounted with nodev. In unprivileged mode, mknod is never used, which means that /tmp can be used as a temporary directory location even if if it's mounted with nodev as a security measure.

If the chroot architecture cannot be executed by the current machine, qemu-user is used to allow one to create a foreign architecture chroot.

Limitations in comparison to debootstrap

Debootstrap supports creating a Debian chroot on non-Debian systems but mmdebstrap requires apt.

There is no SCRIPT argument.

There is no --second-stage option.

Tests

The script coverage.sh runs mmdebstrap in all kind of scenarios to execute all code paths of the script. It verifies its output in each scenario and displays the results gathered with Devel::Cover. It also compares the output of mmdebstrap with debootstrap in several scenarios.

Bugs

mmdebstrap has bugs. Report them here: https://gitlab.mister-muffin.de/josch/mmdebstrap/issues