178 lines
6.6 KiB
Markdown
178 lines
6.6 KiB
Markdown
mmdebstrap
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==========
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An alternative to debootstrap which uses apt internally and is thus able to use
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more than one mirror and resolve more complex dependencies.
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Usage
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-----
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Use like debootstrap:
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sudo mmdebstrap unstable ./unstable-chroot
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Without superuser privileges:
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mmdebstrap unstable unstable-chroot.tar
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With complex apt options:
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cat /etc/apt/sources.list | mmdebstrap > unstable-chroot.tar
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For the full documentation use:
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pod2man ./mmdebstrap | man -l -
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Or read a HTML version of the man page in either of these locations:
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- https://gitlab.mister-muffin.de/josch/mmdebstrap/wiki
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- https://manpages.debian.org/unstable/mmdebstrap/mmdebstrap.1.en.html
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The sales pitch in comparison to debootstrap
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--------------------------------------------
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Summary:
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- more than one mirror possible
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- security and updates mirror included for Debian stable chroots
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- twice as fast
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- chroot with apt in 11 seconds
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- gzipped tarball with apt is 27M small
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- bit-by-bit reproducible output
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- unprivileged operation using Linux user namespaces or fakechroot
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- can operate on filesystems mounted with nodev
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- foreign architecture chroots with qemu-user
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- variant installing only Essential:yes packages and dependencies
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- temporary chroots by redirecting to /dev/null
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- chroots without apt inside (for chroot from buildinfo file with debootsnap)
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The author believes that a chroot of a Debian stable release should include the
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latest packages including security fixes by default. This has been a wontfix
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with debootstrap since 2009 (See #543819 and #762222). Since mmdebstrap uses
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apt internally, support for multiple mirrors comes for free and stable or
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oldstable **chroots will include security and updates mirrors**.
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A side-effect of using apt is being twice as fast as debootstrap. The
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timings were carried out on a laptop with an Intel Core i5-5200U, using a
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mirror on localhost and a tmpfs.
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| variant | mmdebstrap | debootstrap |
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| --------- | ---------- | ------------ |
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| essential | 9.52 s | n.a |
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| apt | 10.98 s | n.a |
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| minbase | 13.54 s | 26.37 s |
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| buildd | 21.31 s | 34.85 s |
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| - | 23.01 s | 48.83 s |
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Apt considers itself an `Essential: yes` package. This feature allows one to
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create a chroot containing just the `Essential: yes` packages and apt (and
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their hard dependencies) in **just 11 seconds**.
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If desired, a most minimal chroot with just the `Essential: yes` packages and
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their hard dependencies can be created with a gzipped tarball size of just 34M.
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By using dpkg's `--path-exclude` option to exclude documentation, even smaller
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gzipped tarballs of 21M in size are possible. If apt is included, the result is
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a **gzipped tarball of only 27M**.
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These small sizes are also achieved because apt caches and other cruft is
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stripped from the chroot. This also makes the result **bit-by-bit
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reproducible** if the `$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH` environment variable is set.
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The author believes, that it should not be necessary to have superuser
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privileges to create a file (the chroot tarball) in one's home directory.
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Thus, mmdebstrap provides multiple options to create a chroot tarball with the
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right permissions **without superuser privileges**. This avoids a whole class
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of bugs like #921815. Depending on what is available, it uses either Linux user
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namespaces or fakechroot. Debootstrap supports fakechroot but will not
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create a tarball with the right permissions by itself. Support for Linux user
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namespaces is missing (see #829134).
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When creating a chroot tarball with debootstrap, the temporary chroot directory
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cannot be on a filesystem that has been mounted with nodev. In unprivileged
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mode, **mknod is never used**, which means that /tmp can be used as a temporary
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directory location even if if it's mounted with nodev as a security measure.
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If the chroot architecture cannot be executed by the current machine, qemu-user
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is used to allow one to create a **foreign architecture chroot**.
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Limitations in comparison to debootstrap
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----------------------------------------
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Debootstrap supports creating a Debian chroot on non-Debian systems but
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mmdebstrap requires apt and is thus limited to Debian and derivatives. This
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means that mmdebstrap can never fully replace debootstrap and debootstrap will
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continue to be relevant in situations where you want to create a Debian chroot
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from a platform without apt and dpkg.
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There is no `SCRIPT` argument.
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The following options, don't exist: `--second-stage`, `--exclude`,
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`--resolve-deps`, `--force-check-gpg`, `--merged-usr` and `--no-merged-usr`.
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The quirks from debootstrap are needed to create chroots of Debian unstable
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from snapshot.d.o before timestamp 20141107T220431Z or Debian 8 (Jessie) or
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later.
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Tests
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=====
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The script `coverage.sh` runs mmdebstrap in all kind of scenarios to execute
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all code paths of the script. It verifies its output in each scenario and
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displays the results gathered with Devel::Cover. It also compares the output of
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mmdebstrap with debootstrap in several scenarios. To run the testsuite, run:
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./make_mirror.sh
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CMD=./mmdebstrap ./coverage.sh
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To also generate perl Devel::Cover data, omit the `CMD` environment variable.
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But that will also take a lot longer.
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The `make_mirror.sh` script will be a no-op if nothing changed in Debian
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unstable. You don't need to run `make_mirror.sh` before every invocation of
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`coverage.sh`. When you make changes to `make_mirror.sh` and want to regenerate
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the cache, run:
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touch -d yesterday shared/cache/debian/dists/unstable/Release
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The script `coverage.sh` does not need an active internet connection by
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default. An online connection is only needed by the `make_mirror.sh` script
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which fills a local cache with a few minimal Debian mirror copies.
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By default, `coverage.sh` will skip running a single test which tries creating
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a Ubuntu Focal chroot. To not skip that test, run `coverage.sh` with the
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environment variable `ONLINE=yes`.
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If a test fails you can run individual tests by executing `coverage.py` with
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the test name and optionally limit it to a specific distribution like so:
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CMD=./mmdebstrap ./coverage.py --dist unstable check-against-debootstrap-dist
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Bugs
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====
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mmdebstrap has bugs. Report them here:
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https://gitlab.mister-muffin.de/josch/mmdebstrap/issues
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Contributors
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============
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- Johannes Schauer Marin Rodrigues (main author)
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- Helmut Grohne
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- Jochen Sprickerhof
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- Gioele Barabucci
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- Benjamin Drung
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- Josh Triplett
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- Konstantin Demin
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- Chris Hofstaedtler
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- Colin Watson
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- David Kalnischkies
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- Emilio Pozuelo Monfort
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- Francesco Poli
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- Jakub Wilk
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- Joe Groocock
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- Max-Julian Pogner
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- Nicolas Vigier
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- Raul Tambre
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- Steve Dodd
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- Trent W. Buck
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- Vagrant Cascadian
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